[51] In addition, some three thousands extra deaths have been identified as "earthquake-related deaths",[209][210] bringing the total number of deaths caused by the disaster to 19,575 as of 2017 September. [292][293], The city-owned plant for importing liquefied natural gas in Sendai was severely damaged, and supplies were halted for at least a month. [387], Also, following the earthquake, for the first time in Japanese history, the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast.[388][389]. [95] These are expected changes[40] for an earthquake of this magnitude. [58] The World Bank's estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history. The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (Japanese: 東北地方太平洋沖地震, Hepburn: Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin) was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011,[5][11][12] with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 29 km (18 mi).[5][13]. [256][257], The Fujinuma irrigation dam in Sukagawa ruptured,[258] causing flooding and the washing away of five homes. 7 issued 03/11/2011 at 3:39 am PST", "$1.2M FEMA Tsunami Grant To Ore.'s Curry County – Oregon – Northwest News Story – KTVZ Bend", "PNG's Wewak hospital damaged by tsunami waves", Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions, "Tsunami washes away feathered victims west of Hawaii", "South Pacific islands hit by tsunami swells", Tsunami Warning For Guam Extended Until 11 p.m, Minor damage in Latin America by Japan's tsunami, Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas, Caldera: 80 viviendas resultaron destruidas en Puerto Viejo por efecto de las olas, Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas que azotaron las costas chilenas, "Gareth Morgan's Galapagos hotel destroyed by tsunami", "Ecuador Sends Aid To Galapagos After Islands Hit By Tsunami From Japan", Tsunami Aftermath in Galapagos: Update from CDRS' Director Dr. J. Gabriel Lopez, "Japan tsunami caused icebergs to break off in Antarctica", "Antarctic ice-shelf calving triggered by the Honshu (Japan) earthquake and tsunami, March 2011", Japan tsunami victim's soccer ball found in Alaska, "Tsunami motorcycle owner located in Japan", "Quake Shifted Japan; Towns Now Flood at High Tide", "東日本大震災における震災関連死の死者数（平成29年3月31日現在）［平成29年6月30日公表］", 平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）の被害状況（平成29年9月1日現在）, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, "Fukushima evacuation has killed more than earthquake and tsunami, survey says", "Stress-induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters", "Japan earthquake: 100,000 children displaced, says charity", Grandparents stifle grief to raise orphaned boy, Tōhoku teen feels guilt of being lone survivor, 378 students killed, 158 missing in disaster, 3/11 tsunami killed 35% of students 'saved' by parents, School that lost 70% of its pupils mourns, "Japan confirms death of 19 foreigners in March 11 quake, tsunami", "Quebec priest killed in Japanese tsunami", "Google Person Finder for Japan Earthquake/Tsunami launched", "As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death", "Japan earthquake: country begins burying dead in mass graves", "Burials in Quake-Hit Towns Deepen Japan's Tragedy", "Takashi Shimokawara, 104, a victim of Japanese tsunami", International Association of Athletics Federations, Illness, suicides drive up disaster-linked toll, Disaster reconstruction work has claimed 18 lives so far, "California tsunami death: NorCal man drowns trying to photograph tsunami – KSWB", "Man swept out to sea by tsunami was Bend native", "Klamath tsunami victim identified; search comes up empty", "film shown by BBC showing only rubble where there were buildings", "Before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions", "animated images showing undamaged places become damaged", "Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunami's Crushing Waves", Debris removal, recycling daunting, piecemeal labor, Applications to deregister cars lost in tsunami soar, "Status of Japanese ports 5 days after devastating quake and tsunami", Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover, "Tokyo Disneyland hit by liquefaction after quake", "Japan issues top tsunami warning after major quake", "Dam Breaks in Northeast Japan, Washes Away Homes", "Death toll from powerful Japan quake likely to top 1,000", "A quick report on Japanese Dams after the Earthquake", "Quake-hit Japan battles to avert radiation leak", "Japanese Quake Forces Evacuation Near Nuclear Reactor; Oil Refinery Burns", "Power Outage To Deal Further Blows To Industrial Output", "東京電力ホームページ – エネルギーの最適サービスを通じてゆたかで快適な環境の実現に貢献します –", A legacy from the 1800s leaves Tokyo facing blackouts, One certainty in the crisis: Power will be at a premium, Auto industry agrees to adopt weekend work shifts, "Setsuden Poised to Replace Nuclear Power in Japan ", "Japan's shipping, energy sectors begin march back from quake", "After 8.9 quake, explosion hits pchem complex in Japan", Japan earthquake causes oil refinery inferno, "LPG Tanks Fire Extinguished at Chiba Refinery (5th Update) | COSMO OIL Co., Ltd", Fires, safety checks take out Japanese refineries, Japanese refiners try to offset shortages, "JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility", Analysis – Oil markets adjust to Japan's disaster, Tsunami Disaster: "Japan's Sendai says LNG Infrastructure Badly Damaged", "Eastern Japan paralyzed by unprecedented earthquake", "Japan earthquake: Evacuations ordered as fears grow of radiation leak at nuclear plant; News.com.au", "Japan initiates emergency protocol after earthquake", "Japan's nuclear fears intensify at two Fukushima power stations", Japan Earthquake: More Nuclear Plants Lose Power, "Nuke plant near quake epicenter undamaged", "Japan nuclear plant disaster: warning of an 'apocalypse’ as fallout hits danger levels,", "Analysis: A month on, Japan nuclear crisis still scarring,", "Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy – World Nuclear Association", "Japan Declares 'Nuclear Emergency' after Quake", "High radiation in Japanese nuclear plant", "Radioactive Material May Have Leaked from Japanese Reactor", Partial Meltdowns Presumed at Crippled Reactors, Japan quake: With two natural disasters and a nuclear emergency, recovery begins, Sixth Japanese nuclear reactor loses cooling, "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島市内の水道水から放射性物質検出 国の基準は下回る – 東日本大震災", "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島の土壌から微量ストロンチウム 水溶性の放射性物質 – 社会", "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：原発から４０キロの土壌、高濃度セシウム 半減期３０年 – 東日本大震災", "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：東京・神奈川含む汚染マップ公表 一部で１万ベクレル超 – 東日本大震災", "Food Contamination Set to Rise as Japan Fights Radiation Crisis at Reactor", "High level of caesium detected in sand lances", "Radioactive Meat Sold in Japan Market – Health News Story – KTVZ Bend", "Fire at Tōhoku Elec Onagawa nuclear plant -Kyodo | Reuters", "Fire at nuclear power plant extinguished", "March 2011 Japan's atomic plant neighbours mull leaving homes", Japanese nuclear plants' operator scrambles to avert meltdowns, "Sea water injected into troubled Fukushima power plant | The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online", "Cooling system pump stops at Tokai No.2 plant-Kyodo; Energy & Oil; Reuters", "Tokai No.2 nuke plant cooling process working – operator | Reuters", "Highway to Japan Quake Area Opens as Casualties Pass 25,000", "Many Rail Services in Tokyo Suspended After Quake", "Yokota provides support following massive earthquake", "脱線のＪＲ仙石線車内から、県警ヘリで９人救出 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）", "２３駅流失、線路被害６８０か所…ＪＲ東日本 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）", "Full Tōhoku Shinkansen Line services to be restored by late April", "How Japan's Rail Network Survived the Earthquake", "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：東北新幹線、東京―那須塩原で再開 各停、１時間に１本", "No. The tsunami propagated throughout the Pacific Ocean region reaching the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile. This motion pushes the upper plate down until the accumulated stress causes a seismic slip-rupture event. [385], Atsushi Funahashi, director of Nuclear Nation notes that "when the overseas media was calling Fukushima a 'meltdown,' the Japanese government and media waited two months before admitting it. The official total for the number of people confirmed dead or listed as missing from the 2011 disaster was about 18,500. From the averaged coupling coefficient of 0.5–0.8 in the source area and the seismic moment, it was estimated that the slip deficit of this earthquake was accumulated over a period of 260–880 years, which is consistent with the recurrence interval of such great earthquakes estimated from the tsunami deposit data. [294], In addition to refining and storage, several power plants were damaged. [194][196], After a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high surge hit Chile, it was reported that the reflection from those surges traveled back across the Pacific, causing a 30–60 cm (12–24 in) surge in Japan, 47–48 hours after the earthquake, according to observation from multiple tide stations [ja], including in Onahama, Owase, and Kushimoto. [93], The Earth's axis shifted by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in). [103], A month later, a major aftershock struck offshore on 7 April with a magnitude of 7.1 Mw. That record goes to the 2004 Banda Aceh earthquake and tsunami in Sumatra, a magnitude-9.1, which killed more than 230,000 people. Without ventilation, gas accumulated within the reactor containment structures and eventually exploded. The tsunami waves reached run-up heights (how far the wave surges inland above sea level) of up to 128 feet (39 meters) at Miyako city and traveled inland as far as 6 miles (10 km) in Sendai. [235] The single crematorium in Higashimatsushima, for example, could only handle four bodies a day, although hundreds were found there. [362][363][364] 12 of the aircraft were scrapped, while the remaining 6 were slated for repair at a cost of 80 billion yen ($1 billion), exceeding the original cost of the aircraft. [273] Two substations, one in Shizuoka Prefecture and one in Nagano Prefecture, were able to convert between frequencies and transfer electricity from Kansai to Kanto and Tōhoku, but their capacity was limited to 1 GW. [38][39][40] This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day, the tilt of the Earth, and the Chandler wobble. Researchers soon after the full extent of the disaster was known launched a project to gather all digital material relating to the disaster into an online searchable archive to form the basis of future research into the events during and after the disaster. On 11 March 2011, a massive 9.0 earthquake occurred off the Japanese coastline at 14:46. One man was killed in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea. Compare the human lives lost in Sumatra and Japan. Japan experienced over 1,000 aftershocks since the earthquake, with 80 registering over magnitude 6.0 Mw and several of which have been over magnitude 7.0 Mw. More than 120,000 buildings were destroyed, 278,000 were half-destroyed and 726,000 were partially destroyed, the agency said. This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 23:20. In the updated system, for a powerful earthquake that is capable of causing the JMA magnitude scale to saturate, no quantitative prediction will be released in the initial warning; instead, there will be words that describe the situation's emergency. [170] It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture. Watts, Jonathan, "Quake survivors search for hope and shelter". At least 15,899 people died, and another 2,500 went missing. Japan's monster quake: Do scientists have key to decode future tremblors? [277], The expected electricity crisis in 2011 summer was successfully prevented thanks to all the setsuden measures. [251], All of Japan's ports were briefly shut down after the earthquake, though the ones in Tokyo and southwards soon re-opened. [120] The system's software was subsequently modified to handle this kind of situation. The total economic cost could reach up to $235 billion, the World Bank estimated, making it the costliest natural disaster in world history. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥10 trillion ($122 billion). These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over 3 metres (9.8 ft) at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011, following the earthquake at 14:46 JST:[162], Many areas were also affected by waves of 1 to 3 metres (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in height, and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that "At some parts of the coasts, tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites." The large number of views made the video one of the most popular examples of sonification on the web. [190] Peru reported a wave of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and more than 300 homes damaged. At this time, the risk of contamination from radioactive materials and the risk of exposure to radiation are thought to be low, especially for anyone staying at least 50 miles from the nuclear power plant. [361], Matsushima Air Field of the Japan Self-Defense Force in Miyagi Prefecture was struck by the tsunami, flooding the base and resulting in damage to all 18 Mitsubishi F-2 fighter jets of the 21st Fighter Training Squadron. In the fall of 2016 Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED; Japanese abbreviation, Bosai Kaken; full name Bousai Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho) launched the online interactive "Disaster Chronology Map for Japan, 416–2013" (map labels in Japanese) to display in visual form the location, disaster time, and date across the islands. [40] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass. The Japan Digital Archive is presented in English and Japanese and is hosted at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [319] Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan. Odaiba also experienced liquefaction, but damage was minimal. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Still no idea on casualities but it seems it can be high. Many people also underestimated their personal risk, or assumed the tsunami would be as small as ones they had previously experienced, the study found. [332], Japan's transport network suffered severe disruptions. Of the total confirmed victims, 14,308 drowned, 667 were crushed to death or died from internal injuries, and 145 perished from burns. KGW estimates that more than 1 million tons of debris still remain in the Pacific Ocean. [161], On 13 March 2011, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. meeting of CCEP, Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, "中日新聞:災害義援金受け付け 東日本大震災:中日新聞からのお知らせ(CHUNICHI Web)", "東日本巨大地震 震災掲示板 : 特集 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）", "番組表 – TOKYO FM 80.0 MHz – 80.Love FM RADIO STATION", USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.03, "Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011 | Facts & Death Toll", "Tsunami, earthquake, nuclear crisis – now Japan faces power cuts", "Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history", "March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK", "Japan earthquake: Tsunami hits north-east", "Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin", "Japan's quake shifts earth's axis by 25 centimetres", https://www.npa.go.jp/news/other/earthquake2011/pdf/higaijokyo_e.pdf, "Japan quake: Infrastructure damage will delay recovery", "Japanese PM: 'Toughest' crisis since World War II", "Millions of Stricken Japanese Lack Water, Food, Heat", "Japan: 3 Nuclear Reactors Melted Down – News Story – KTVZ Bend", "3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms", "Japan earthquake: Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35 billion, AIR says", "New explosion shakes stricken Japanese nuclear plant", "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History", "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates", "Supply Chain Disruptions: Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake*", Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why|World news, "UPDATE 3-USGS upgrades Japan quake to 8.9 magnitude", "USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.0", "地震情報 – 2011年3月10日 15時6分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp", "地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時15分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp", "Earthquake strikes near Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant; no reports of damage", "Challenges of anticipating the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami using coastal geology", "The future of tsunami research following the 2011 Tōhoku-oki event", "The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan", "newspaper: Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why", "Size of Japan's quake surprises seismologists", "時事ドットコム：Ｍ８．８、死者３００人超＝行方不明５４０人以上−大津波１０ｍ・宮城で震度７", "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：地殻破壊３連鎖、計６分 専門家、余震拡大に警鐘 – 東日本大震災", "Japan Meteorological Agency | Earthquake Information", "Information message about destructive earthquake near the eastern coast of Honshu Island of Japana on March 11, 2011", "The 2011 Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster", "Preliminary report of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake", "Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Information Sharing on Disaster Reduction", "March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tōhoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results", "Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres", "Japan seabed shifted 24 metres after March quake", "Earth's day length shortened by Japan earthquake", "Can an earthquake shift the Earth's axis? NY 10036. The seismic moment of this earthquake accounts for about 93% of the estimated cumulative moment from 1926 to March 2011. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[34][35] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph)[36] and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland. The country's stringent seismic building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. [123][124][125] Chile's Pacific coast, one of the furthest from Japan at about 17,000 kilometres (11,000 mi) away, was struck by waves 2 metres (6.6 ft) high,[126][127][128] compared with an estimated wave height of 38.9 metres (128 ft) at Omoe peninsula, Miyako city, Japan. The Japan Meteorological Agency assigned a magnitude of 7.4 MJMA, while the U.S. Geological Survey lowered it to 7.1 Mw. The earthquake struck below the North Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 miles) east of Sendai, the largest city in the Tohoku region, a northern part of the island of Honshu. The situation one year after Japan 2011 earthquake and Tsunami is overviewed. A magnitude 7.4 Mw at 15:08 (JST), 7.9 Mw at 15:15 and a 7.7 Mw quake at 15:26 all occurred on 11 March. [145][146], Large parts of Kuji and the southern section of Ōfunato including the port area were almost entirely destroyed. In Chile, some 11,000 miles (17,000 km) distant, the tsunami was 6.6 feet (2 meters) high when they reached the shore, according to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. Entire towns were destroyed in tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;[142] one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011. The GPS station located nearest the epicenter moved almost 4 m (13 ft). 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